Greek Study

Α α alpha (long) ah (short) uh
Β β beta b
Γ γ gamma g
Δ δ delta d
Ε ε epsilon eh
Ζ ζ zeta dz
Η η eta ay
Θ θ theta th
Ι ι iota (long i) ee (short i) eye 
Κ κ kappa k
Λ λ lambda l
Μ μ mu m
Ν ν nu n
Ξ ξ xi ks
Ο ο omicron (short) ah
Π π pi p
Ρ ρ rho r
Σ σ sigma s
Τ τ tau t
Υ υ upsilon oo
Φ φ phi f
Χ χ chi ckh  (back of throat)
Ψ ψ psi ps
Ω ω omega ou

Hard Breath - (vowel | diphthong) starts word use
 - ( curve above ἑ - “hey” hard breath
 - ) curve above ἐ - “ey” soft breath

Accent vocal pitch + slight stress 
Can only appear on 1 of 3 last syllables in a word

• / ramp above ά - up
• \ ramp above ὰ - down
• ~ curve above ᾶ - up down

Long or short vowel

• _ above ᾱ - long
• α - short
• Long : α ah, η ay, ι ee, ω ou
• Short : α uh, ε eh, ι ay, υ oo
• Long : all diphthongs

Can combine

• )/ - ἄ soft and accent
• (/ - ἅ hard breathing and accent
• _/ - ᾱ́ accented and long

Diphthongs (acc/brth mark goes over 2nd char)
αι - eye
ει - ay
οι - oy 
υι - wih
αυ - ow
ευ - eh oo
ηυ - ay oo
ου - οο 

short ι after vowel (ι is not pronounced!)

• Subscript (for lowercase)
  • ᾳ - α with dot under - ay
  • ῃ - η with long feet
  • ῳ - ω with a dot under
  • Needs a breathing mark ) or (
• Adscript (for uppercase) 
  • Αι
  • Ηι
  • Ωι
  • Needs a breathing mark ) or (

γ Gamma combines

• γγ - ng
• γκ - nk 
• γξ - nx
• γχ - nkh

labial - π, β, φ
dental - τ, δ, θ
palatal - κ, γ, χ

Ψ - πς, βς, φς 
ξ - κς, γς, χς 

Hansen Greek is unaspirated
This is aspirated pronunciation

• π with hard breath - φ (ph)
• τ with hard breath - θ (th)
• κ with hard breath - χ (ckh)

This is unaspirated

• π (p)
• τ (t)
• κ (k)

fricatives - φ (f), θ (th), χ (ckh)
Notice the labial, dental, palatal?

Punctuation

• Comma and Period ,. Same as English
• Colon and Semicolon · Dot
• Question mark ; English semicolon
• Quotation marks “ rarely used if ever

Capitalization

• Proper name
• First word of paragraph
• Not first word of sentence

Ultima - [n-1] last char
Penultima - [n-2] 2nd to last char
Antepenult - [n-3] 3rd to last char

Rules for accents / \ and ~

• / - acute
  • [n-1] - allowed when there’s a pause .,·
    • Otherwise use \ with no pause - [n-2] - allowed if not long followed by short
    • short short - [n-3] - allowed when [n-1] is short
    • long short - \ - grave
  • [n-1] - allowed
    • Replaces / when no pause - ~ - circumflex
  • [n-1] - allowed over long vowels
  • [n-2] - allowed over long vowels
    • required when accented+(long | dipthong) followed by short
    • forbidden when [n-1] is (long | dipthong) - 3 syllables recessive 
  • [n-1] is 
    • short?  / on [n-3] 
    • (long | diphthong)? / on [n-2] - 2 syllables recessive
  • Must be on [n-2], last two are
    • short (any) ?  - /
    • (long | diphthong) short - ~
    • (long | diphthong) (long | diphthong) - /

Recessive accent

• when on farthest syllable back allowed by rules 
• most verb forms are recessive
• Verb: stop: )/επανσα 

Persistent

• when accent stays on the same (vowel | dipthong) between all forms of word
• Persistent on most nouns, βιβλίων and learned with vocab
• May change if rules require it

Nouns Gender - Masculine, Feminine, Neuter

Nouns Number - singular, plural, dual

Noun Case - puts the noun in one of a possible number of relations to the rest of the words in the sentence.

• nominative
  • subject (i am sick)
  • naming (that is a couch)
• genitive
  • depends (building of glass) 
  • motion (away from)
• dative
• accusative
• vocative

(1) NOMINATIVE: subject, predicate nominative, naming things
(2) GENITIVE: of; away from/out of
(3) DATIVE: to for; by with; in/at
(4) ACCUSATIVE: direct object, motion toward, or length of space or time
(5) VOCATIVE: shows that a noun is being addressed directly

Noun structure

• stem - dictionary meaning
• ending - number and case (inflection)

Noun Inflection

• declension (noun is declined)

Verb Inflection

• conjugation (verb is conjugated)

1st declension nouns (feminine)

2nd declension nouns 

The article (The) - Declension

Vocab

ἡ ζεως - hey Zeus - (the Zeus)
χριω
χριος
ἡ χριστος - the christ